Want Proof?

Uproot U.S. Healthcare emphasizes the need to use evidence in any decision-making, very much including healthcare. This web site offers you proof cited in the book so you can decide for yourself.  Eight topic areas are shown below.

As with all the topics discussed on this site, the articles offered below are a tiny sampling of a very large body of knowledge. Many, many more citations are available in Appendix II in Uproot U.S. Healthcare.

• Medical Costs and Healthcare financing
• Change Evidence & Decision-making
• Learning & Education
• Medical Errors & Malpractice
• Turnover and retention of workers
• Systems thinking
• Volume-to-outcome

Medical Costs & Healthcare Financing
With the 2009 national focus on healthcare costs, there are tens of thousands of writings, mostly vitriol and opinion cloaked as fact. I included below only articles that had hard evidence (good science).
1. Anderson GF, Hussey PS, Frogner BK, Waters HR. 2005. Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world. Health Affairs 24(4): 903-914.
2. Cutler DM, Rosen AB, Vijan S. 2006. The Value of Medical Spending in the United States, 1960-2000. The New England Journal of Medicine 355(9): 920-927.
3. Goldman DP, McGlynn EA. 2005. U.S. Health Care: Facts about Cost, Access and Quality. Rand Report CP484.1. Accessed December 29, 2006 at: www.rand.org/pubs/corporate-pubs/CP484.1.
4. Herzlinger RE. 1997. Market-Driven Health Care. Addison-Wesley Publ., Reading MA.
5. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2009. Health Care Costs – A Primer. Accessed March 2009 at: www.kff.org.
6. Mingardi A. November 17, 2006. A drug price path to avoid. Albuquerque Journal, A13.
7. Osnos E. September 28, 2005. In China, health care is scalpers, lines, debt. Chicago Tribune, Section 1, pp 1 & 6.
8. Pearson SD, Rawlins, MD. November 23/30, 2005. Quality, Innovation, and Value for Money: NICE and the British National Health Service. JAMA 294(20): 2618-2622.
9. Porter ME, Teisberg EO. 2006. Redefining Health Care – Creating Value-Based Competition on Results. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA.
10. Waldman JD, Pappelbaum SJ, George L, Lamberti JJ, Lodge FA. 1984. Cost-containment strategies in congenital heart disease. West J Med 141:123-126.
11. Waldman,JD, Smith HL, Kelly F, Arora S. 2004. The Shocking Cost of Turnover in Healthcare. Health Care Management Review 29(1): 2-7.
12. Walker J, Pan Eric, Douglas J, Adler-Milstein J, Bates DW, Middleton B. January 2005. The Value of Health Care Information Exchange And Interoperability. Heath Affairs, W 5—10-18.
13. Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU. 2003. Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada. NEJM 349:768-775.

Change
1. Arndt M, Bigelow B. 2000. The transfer of business practices into hospitals: history and implications. Advances in Health Care Management Vol. 1: 339-368.
2. Berwick DM, Godfrey AB, Roessner J. 1990. Curing Health Care. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
3. Christenson CM, Bohmer R, Kenagy J. 2000. Will disruptive innovations cure health care? Harvard Business Review 78(5): 102-112.
4. Collins JC, Porras JI. 1997. Built to Last. HarperBusiness: New York.
5. Dowd S, Davidhizar R. 1997. Change management – organizational culture as change factor. Administrative Radiology Journal 16:20-5.
6. Groupman J. 2007. How Doctors Think. Houghton Miflin: New York.
7. Hammer M, Champy J. 1994. Reengineering the Corporation-A Manifesto for Business Revolution. HarperBusiness, New York, NY.
8. Kotter JP, Schlesinger LA. 1979. Choosing strategies for change.” Harvard Business Review Mar-Apr 57(2): 106-114.
9. McDaniel RR. 1997. Strategic Leadership: A View from quantum and chaos theories. Health Care Management Review 22(1) 21-37.
10. Pfeffer J, Sutton RI. 2000. The Knowing-Doing Gap. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
11. Rogers EM. 1983. Diffusion of Innovation. The Free Press, New York.
12. Rucci AJ, Kirn SP, Quinn RT. 1998. The employee-customer-profit chain at Sears. Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb, 83-97.
13. Waldman JD, Schargel F. 2003. Twins in Trouble: The need for system-wide reform of both Healthcare and Education. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, October, 14(8): 895-901.

Evidence & Making Decisions
1. Alexander JA, Fennell M. 1986. Patterns of decision making in multihospital systems. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27(1): 14-27.
2. Aronson D. 1996-98. Overview of Systems Thinking. www.thinking.net. Accessed Feb 2004.
3. Ashmos DP, McDaniel RR. 1991. Physician participation in hospital strategic decision making: The effect of hospital strategy and decision content. Health Services Research 26(3): 375-401.
4. Axelsson R. 1998. Toward an evidence-based health care management. International Journal of health Planning and Management 13; 307-17
5. Edmondson AC. 1996. “Learning from mistakes is easier said that done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32(1): 5-28.
6. McFadden KL, Towell ER, Stock GN. 2004. Critical success factors for controlling and managing Hospital Errors. Quality Management Journal 2004; 11(1) 61-73.
7. Messinger DS, Bauer CR, Das A, et al. 2004. The maternal lifestyle study: Cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed and opiate-exposed infants through three years of age. Pediatrics 113: 1677-168.
8. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ et al. 2004. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. American Heart Association scientific statement. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Mar 24(3): 29-50.
9. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. 1996. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal 312(7023): 71-2.
10. Shortell SM, Zazzali JL, Burns LR, Alexander JA, Gillies RR, Budetti PP, Waters TM, Zuckerman HS. 2001. “Implementing Evidence-Based Medicine: The Role of Market Pressures, Compensation Incentives, and Culture. Medical Care 39 (7, Supplement): I-62-78.
11. Weick KE. 1993. The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38: 628-652.

Learning & Education
1. Coutu DL. 2002. The anxiety of Learning. [Interview with Edgar Schein]. Harvard Business Review March, pp 100-106.
2. Edmondson AC. 1996. “Learning from mistakes is easier said that done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32(1): 5-28.
3. Fickeisen DH. Winter 1991. Learning How to Learn, An Interview with Kathy Greenberg. The Learning Revolution (IC#27) by the Context Institute. Page 42. www.context.org/ICLIB/IC27/Greenbrg.htm. Accessed December 2004.
4. Goldratt E, Cox J (1984). The Goal-A Process of Ongoing Improvement. North River Press, Great Barrington, MA.
5. Langer E. 1997. The Power of Mindful Learning. Perseus Books: New York.
6. Owen H. Winter 1991. Learning as Transformation. The Learning Revolution (IC#27) by the Context Institute. Page 42.
7. Senge PM. 1990. The Fifth Discipline-The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Currency Doubleday, New York.
8. Sterman J. 2006. Learning from evidence on a complex world. Amer Journal of Public Health 96: 505-514.
9. Waldman JD, Yourstone SA, Smith HL. 2003. Learning Curves in Healthcare. Health Care Management Review 28(1): 43-56.
10. Waldman JD, Schargel F. 2003. Twins in Trouble: The need for system-wide reform of both Healthcare and Education. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence October, 14(8): 895-901.
11. Waldman JD, Yourstone SA, Smith HL. 2003. Learning Curves in Healthcare. Health Care Management Review 28(1): 43-56.
12. Weick KE. 1993. The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly 38: 628-652.

Medical Errors and Malpractice
1. Brennan TA, Localio AR, Leape LL, et al. 1990. Identification of Adverse Effects Occurring during Hospitalization: A Cross-Sectional Study of Litigation, Quality Assurance, and Medical Records at Two Teaching Hospitals. Ann Int Med 112: 221-226.
2. Brennan TA, Sox CM, Burstin HR. 1996. Relation Between Negligent Adverse Events and the Outcomes of Medical-Malpractice Litigation. N Engl J Med 335:1963-1967.
3. Brewer LA, Fosburg RG, Mulder GA, Verska JJ (1972) Spinal cord complications following surgery for coarctation of the aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 64(3): 368-381
4. Brook RH, Lohr KN (1987) Monitoring quality of care in the Medicare Program. JAMA 258: 3138-3141.
5. Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry Final Report, July 2001; Accessed March 15, 2006 at: www.bristol-inquiry.org.uk/final_report/index.htm.
6. Charles SC, Gibbons RD, Frisch PR, et al. 1992. Predicting Risk for Medical Malpractice Claims Using Quality-of-Care Characteristics. Western Journal of Medicine 157:433-439.
7. Claybrook J. 2004. Don’t blame lawsuits for rising malpractice insurance rates. USA Today Tuesday January 27; p. 19A.
8. Danzon PM. 1985. Medical Malpractice: Theory, Evidence and Public Policy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
9. Danzon PM. 1986. New evidence on the frequency and severity of medical malpractice claims. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. R-3410-ICJ.
10. Howard PK. July 31, 2002. There is no ‘right to sue’. Wall Street Journal, Page 13.
11. Kraman SS, Hamm G. 1999. Risk management: Extreme honesty may be the best policy. Ann Int Med 131(12): 963-967.
12. Leape LL. December 21, 1994. Error in Medicine. JAMA 272(3): 1851-1857
13. Levinson W, Roter DL, Mullooly JP, Dull VT, Frankel RM. 1997. Physician-Patient Communication: The Relationship with Malpractice Claims Among Primary Care Physicians and Surgeons. JAMA 277: 553-559.
14. Localio AR, Lawthers AG, Brennan TA, et al. 1991. Relation between malpractice claims and adverse events due to negligence. N Engl J Med 325: 245-251.
15. Ogbrun PL, Julian TM, Brooker DC, Joseph MS, Butler JC, Williams PP, Anderson ML, Shepard AC, Ogburn SL, Preisler WC, Wood MD. 1988. Perinatal Medical Negligence Closed Claims from the St. Paul Company, 1980-1982. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 33: 608-611.
16. Orentlicher D. 2000. Medical Malpractice: Treating the Causes Instead of the Symptoms. Medical Care 38: 247-249.
17. Schwartz WB, Komesar NK. 1978. Doctors, Damages and Deterrence. New Engl J Med 298: 1282-1289.
18. Sfikas PM. 1998. Are Insurers Making Treatment Decisions? JADA 129: 1036-1039.
19. Studdert DM, Thomas EJ, Burstin HR, Orav J, Brennan TA. 2000. Negligent Care and Malpractice Claiming Behavior in Utah and Colorado. Medical Care 38: 250-260.
20. Taragin MI, Wilczek AP, Karns ME, Trout R, Carson JL. 1992. Physician demographics and the risk of medical malpractice. Amer J Med 93: 537-542.
21. Taragin MI, Sonnenberg FA, Karns ME, Trout R, Shapiro S, Carson JL. 1994. Does Physician Performance Explain Interspecialty Differences in Malpractice Claim Rates? Medical Care 32: 661-667.
22. United States General Accounting Office (GAO). Impact on Hospital and Physician Costs Extends Beyond Insurance. Medical Liability 95.169 (1995): 01-17.
23. Waldman JD, Spector RA. 2003. Malpractice claims analysis yields widely applicable principles. Pediatric Cardiology 24(2): 109-117.
24. Wu AW, Cavanaugh TA, McPhee SJ, Lo B, Micco GP. 1997. To tell the truth–Ethical and Practical Issues in disclosing medical mistakes to patients. J Gen Intern Med 12: 770-775.

Turnover and Retention of Workers
1. Barron JM, McCafferty S. Sept. 1977. Job search, labor supply, and the quit decision: Theory and evidence. Amer Econ Rev 67(4): 683-691.
2. Bartol KM. Dec 1979. Professionalism as a predictor of organizational commitment, role stress, and turnover: A multidimensional approach. Academy of Management Journal 22(4): 815-821.
3. Beedham T. 1996. Why do young doctors leave medicine? British Journal of Hospital Medicine 55(11): 699-701 with Editorial Comments by Elizabeth Paice 1997; 90(8): 417-418 and by John Davis 1997; 90(10): 585.
4. Buckbinder SB, Wilson M, Melick CF, Powe NR (2001) “Primary care physician job satisfaction and turnover.” Amer J Manag Care 7(7): 701-713
5. Dalton DR, Todor WD (1979) “Turnover turned over: An expanded and positive perspective.” Academy of Management Review 4: 225-35.
6. Flowers VS, Hughes CL (1973) “Why employees stay.” Harvard Business Review July-August pp. 49-60.
7. Goodman EA, Boss RW. 1999. Burnout dimensions and voluntary and involuntary turnover in a health care setting. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration Spring, 21(4): 462-471.
8. Griffeth RW, Hom PW (2001) Retaining Valued Employees. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
9. Herzberg F. 1968. One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review Reprint RO301F in Best of Harv Bus Rev January 2003 pp. 3-11.
10. Irvine DM, Evans MG. “Job satisfaction and Turnover among nurses: Integrating research findings across studies.” Nursing Research July/August 1995; 44(4): 246-253.
11. Jones CB (1990a) “Staff nurse turnover costs: Parts I & II. Journal of Nursing Administration, 20(4): 18-22 and 20(5): 27-32.
12. Krackhardt D, Porter LW (1985). “When friends leave: A structural analysis of the relationship between turnover and stayers’ attitudes.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 42-61.
13. Martin TE: “A contextual model of employee turnover intentions.” Academy of Management Journal 1979; 22(2): 313-324.
14. Mobley WH. Employee Turnover: Causes, Consequences and Control. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 1982.
15. Tai TWC, Bame SI, Robinson CD (1998) “Review of nursing turnover research, 1977-1996.” Soc. Sci. Med. 47(12): 1905-1924.
16. Waldman JD, Arora S. 2004. Measuring retention rather than turnover—A Different and Complementary HR Calculus. Human Resource Planning 27(3): 6-9.
17. Waldman,JD, Smith HL, Kelly F, Arora S. 2004. The Shocking Cost of Turnover in Healthcare. Health Care Management Review 29(1): 2-7.
18. Waldman JD, Hood JN, Smith HL, Arora S. 2004. Changing the approach to workforce movements: Application of net retention rate in healthcare. Journal of Applied Business and Economics. 24(2): 38-60.
19. Waldman JD, Hood JN, Smith HL. 2006. Hospital CEOs and Physicians – Reaching Common Ground. Journal of Healthcare Management. May/June 51(3): 171-187.
20. Waldman JD. 2006. Change the Metrics: If you get what you measure, then measure what you want – retention. Journal of Medical Practice Management July/August, pp. 1-7.

Systems Thinking [=Practicing good medicine…on medicine]
1. Aronson D. 1996-98. Overview of Systems Thinking. www.thinking.net.
2. Ackoff RL. 1999. Ackoff’s Best-His Classic Writings on Management. Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Beinhocker, ED. 1997. Strategy at the edge of chaos. The McKinsey Quarterly Winter #1, pp. 24-40.
4. (von) Bertalanffy L. 1968. General System theory: Foundation, development, applications. George Braziller, New York, revised edition 1976.
5. Johnson S. 2001. Emergence. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
6. Kauffman D. 1980. Systems One: An Introduction to Systems Thinking. SA Carlton, Minneapolis, MN.
7. Kauffman SA. 1995. At Home in the Universe. Oxford University Press, New York
8. Lazlo E. 1972. The Systems View of the World. George Braziller, New York.
9. McDaniel RR. 1997. Strategic Leadership: A View from quantum and chaos theories. Health Care Management Review 22(1) 21-37.
10. McDaniel RR, Driebe DJ. 2001. Complexity Science and Health Care Management. Advances in Health Care Management 2: 11-36.
11. Rickles D, Hawe P, Shiell A. 2007. A Simple guide to chaos and complexity. J Epidemiol. Community Health 61: 933-937, accessed November 20 2007 at: doi:10.1136/jech.2006.054254.
12. Sterman JD. 2002. Systems dynamics modeling: Tools for learning in a complex world. IEEEE Engineering Management Review First Quarter pp. 42-52.
13. Sterman J. 2006. Learning from evidence on a complex world. Amer Journal of Public Health 96: 505-514.
14. Waldman JD, Schargel F. 2006. Twins in Trouble (II): Systems Thinking in Healthcare and Education. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 17(1): 117-130.
15. Waldman JD, Smith HL. 2007. Thinking Systems need Systems Thinking. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 24: 1-15.

Volume-to-Outcome
There are hundreds, possibly thousands, of articles in the English literature discussing the volume-to-outcome relationship in healthcare. These are but a small sampling.
1. Begg CB, Cramer LD, Hoskins WJ, Brennan MF. 1998. Impact of Hospital Volume on Operative Mortality for Cancer Surgery. Journal of the American Medical Association 280: 1747–51.
2. Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR, Tosteson AN, Sharp SM, Warshaw AL, Fisher ES. 1999. Effect of Hospital Volume on In-hospital Mortality with Pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery 125: 250–56
3. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, et al. 2003. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. NEJM 349: 2117-27.
4. Clark RE. 1996. Outcome as a Function of Annual Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Volume. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 6(1): 21–26.
5. Ellis SG, Weintraub W, Holmes D, Shaw R, Block PC, King SB. 1997. Relation of Operator Volume and Experience to Procedural Outcome of Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization at Hospitals With High Interventional Volumes. Circulation 95: 2479–84.
6. Hannan, EL, Racz M, Kavey R-E, et al. 1998. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Effect of Hospital and Surgeon Volume on In-hospital Mortality. Pediatrics 101(6): 963-69.
7. Jollis JG, Peterson ED, DeLong ER, et al. 1994. The Relation Between the Volume of Coronary Angioplasty Procedures at Hospitals Treating Medicare Beneficiaries and Short-Term Mortality. NEJM 331: 1625–29.
8. Klein LW, Schaer GL, Calvin JE, et al. 1997. Does Low Individual Operator Coronary Interventional Procedural Volume Correlate with Worse Institutional Procedural Outcome? Journal of the American College of Cardiology 30, no. 4: 870–77.
9. Lacour-Gayet F, Clarke D, Jacobs J, et al and the Aristotle Committee. 2004. The Aristotle Score: a complexity-adjusted method to evaluate surgical results. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 25: 911-924.
10. Luft HS, Bunker, Enthoven AC. 1979. Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality. N Engl J Med Dec 20; 301(25): 1364-69.
11. Luft, HS. 2003. From observing the relationship between volume and outcome to making policy recommendations – Comments on Sheikh. Medical Care 41(10): 1118-1122.
12. McGrath PD, Wennberg DE, Malenka DJ, et al. 1998. Operator Volume And Outcome in 12,998 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Journal of American College of Cardiology 31(3): 570–76.
13. Phibbs CS, Bronstein JM, Buxton E, Phibbs RH. 1996. The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association 276: 1054–59.
14. Simunovic M, To T, Theriault, M, et al. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Effect of Hospital and Surgeon Volume on In-hospital Mortality. Pediatrics 1998; 101(6): 963-69.
15. Ward CJ. 1991. Analysis of 500 obstetric and gynecologic malpractice claims: Causes and prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165: 298306.